If you start to notice that your body odor has changed — and not because of a new deodorant, perfume or cologne — your body might be trying to tell you something. Body odor, which is often considered an embarrassing or unpleasant topic, can actually provide valuable insights into your overall health.

When Body Odor Might Signal a Health Issue

Here are six potential health problems associated with changes in body odor. It’s important to note that while changes in body odor can be indicative of health problems, it should not be considered a medical diagnosis. If you notice a significant difference in your body odor, talk with a medical professional.

• Infection: Certain infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections of the skin can cause a foul odor. These infections can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria on the skin, leading to a strong, unpleasant smell. “Athlete’s foot is an example of a fungal skin infection and typically happens when your feet sweat inside shoes or socks,” says Dr. Butler. “This creates an environment where fungus can flourish.”
• Hormonal imbalance: Hormonal fluctuations can also affect body odor. For example, during pregnancy or menopause, changes in hormone levels can lead to changes in your sweat production and bacterial composition, resulting in a different smell. “During menopause, a decrease in estrogen levels can cause a higher percentage of testosterone in the body,” says Dr. Butler. “This can lead to more bacteria in your sweat and stronger body odor.”
• Diabetes: Diabetes is one of the most well-known health conditions linked to changes in body odor. People with uncontrolled diabetes can experience a fruity or acetone-like smell (think nail polish remover) on their breath or skin. This is due to the buildup of ketones in your bloodstream, which is a byproduct of fat breakdown. Ketones are an acid your body makes if you are using fat instead of glucose (blood sugar) for energy. If your body produces too many ketones too fast, it can result in diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
• Sleep apnea: If you or someone close to you notices you have bad breath, this can be a sign of sleep apnea, especially if you are brushing regularly and a foul smell continues to linger. “People with sleep apnea tend to breathe through their mouths while sleeping,” says Dr. Butler. “This leads to less saliva production and a dry mouth.” Saliva washes away food particles and helps neutralize acids produced by bacteria. Without saliva to flush your mouth, bacteria and debris start to break down and cause stinky breath.
• Liver disease: A musty or sulfur odor coming from your breath or urine can be a sign of liver disease. When the liver is unable to properly filter toxins from the blood, these substances can be excreted through the body, causing a distinctive smell known as fetor hepaticus.
• Kidney disease: An ammonia smell to your breath (sometimes described as fishy or like urine) can indicate kidney disease. When the kidneys aren’t functioning properly, they may not be able to effectively filter waste products from the blood, including urea. When urea builds up in your body and reacts with saliva, it forms ammonia.

Tips to Tame Odor

“Typical body odor can be managed with lifestyle modifications,” says Dr. Butler. She suggests the following:

• Daily hygiene: Shower daily with antibacterial soap, especially after sweating. Thoroughly clean areas prone to odor, such as your underarms, groin and feet.
• Breathable clothing: Wear natural fibers like cotton or linen that allow your skin to breathe during the day and while sleeping.
• Temperature control: Use a fan at night to keep your body cool if you have hot flashes or night sweats.
• Foot care: Wear moisture-wicking socks, especially those made of cotton.
• Clothing management: Remove any perspiration-soaked clothing.
• Odor prevention: Wear a deodorant to mask odor-causing bacteria or an antiperspirant to reduce sweat production.
• Dietary considerations: Limit odor-inducing foods like onions and garlic.
• Oral hygiene: Practice good oral hygiene. Regular tooth brushing, daily flossing and gentle cleaning of the tongue can help prevent bad breath.

If you have tried these modifications, yet unpleasant body odor is still present, contact your physician to rule out a medical condition and to see if a prescription medication or medical procedure may help.